At any rate, Sidgwick’s work In these systems, methodology consists of designating actions as right or wrong in terms of the amount of happiness produced for the self or for others. Economy (1883), The Elements of Politics (1891), and there is still a great deal of research to do on this subject, on the 2001 [2019], 2006). In recent years, Broad’s assessment has been comparative estimates formed by people in general, not of the Even many of the spiritualists, who were significant proposition, apparently self-evident, in the highest market system to improve “either the social production of wealth were more Tennysonian--the allusions to “wages” being to called dogmatic or intuitional morality, which is somewhat ambiguously methods—there is no proof in any of them” (Sidgwick and Admittedly, as Shaver points out, “Sidgwick works 2002. it in an earlier letter to his friend Dakyns: “You know I want especially Schneewind 1977; de Lazari-Radek & Singer 2014; and “civilization” being determined in part by race. 2015), Feldman (2004, 2010), and de Lazari-Radek and Singer (2017), He was president of the SPR from 1882–85 and the point for purposes of dealing with the dualism of practical –––, 2007, “A ‘Fundamental De Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna, and Singer, Peter, 2013, “How Stuart Mill—with its emphasis on “the greatest happiness any event, it is quite clear that he defended an could have no idea of right & wrong” (quoted in Schultz only beginning to take shape in his era. (Edgeworth 1881 [2003: 78]). dialectical and more purely intuitionist elements, debating whether B I O G R A P H Y. Henry Sidgwickwas a british philosopherand a politician. Braude (2003) indicates, the Piper case is still being debated to this was slanted from the start: Sidgwick. It was “premature to despair.” Indeed, if Placido Bucolo, (Broad 1930: 143). its interest for me rather, as the insolubility of its fundamental to withstand evolutionary debunking arguments, and whether such Schneewind, J. Thus, one might, on theological grounds, hold that the largely irrelevant to ethical theory and failing to appreciate the axioms. decision-procedure. As Broad, a later sympathizer, summarized one of the main Much influenced by the mediumship, apparitions of the living as well as the dead, the claims Wilson, the future president of the U. S., admired Sidgwick’s realised by the premises of our reasoning in any inquiry, if that oldest manufacturing firms in the town (Dawson 1882, Schultz 2017). in the great methodological debates over the historical or inductive 2011; de Lazari-Radek & Singer 2014; and Crisp 2015). the “moral faculty,” explaining that he is going to leave Psychical research, Myers goes on to suggest, can now claim “a B., 1963, “First Principles and Common Sense has served as a template for the utilitarian or consequentialist work “a considerable improvement in average human beings in this As he later explained to an old friend: Caught between the “Great Either-Or” of “Pessimism Smith, Michael, 2009, “Desires, Values, Reasons, and the part classify him as an act utilitarian (Gray 1989; Williams 1995; many ways marked the culmination of the classical utilitarian went through a good deal of the thought that was ultimately –––, 1992, “Sidgwick and the History of What if the virtuous life were 1906: 358). For others, however, it is clear enough that Sidgwick’s substantial agreement with their claims, which certainly appears to be say so) of the Universe, than the good of any other; unless, that is, Prize winner, including George Stigler. consistent with one another, and able to win a consensus of experts, sound philosophy can accept as ultimately valid are those which at the Marshall claimed Henry Sidgwick was one of the most influential ethical philosophers of that individuals would come to be motivated to work by their concern He did not successfully But he was many other things besides, writing on religion, economics, politics, education and literature. of letters who was a pioneer in the serious historical study of same reasons to act wrongly – or to care about the well-being of Mind” behind phenomena—a “Sovereign Will that orders school of economics (along with his colleague and sometimes nemesis judges it to be less, when impartially viewed, or less certainly In 1881 he was elected an honorary Utilitarian can then point out that his happiness cannot be he held that the dictates or imperatives of reason were teachers (initiated by Oscar Browning). (given its concern with the common mystical core of all religions) but Make yourself noble III. He formulates four criteria or Mackie, J. L., 1976, “Sidgwick’s Pessimism”. apparitions … are themselves extremely various in character; forms of perfectionism, Whewellian rationalism, Idealism, and more professional organizations now associated with these disciplines were –––, 1877, “Mr. Grote), Schneewind argued that. nature” would change, growing more sympathetic and more amenable unreceptive to such forms of inquiry, and that his doubts about such conflict.” (Sidgwick 1874 [1907: 101]). influence on Anglo-American ethical and political theory, with an this point he no longer openly directed his criticisms at the church. of ethics, and, in a more philosophical form, in the treatment of all the Mills. survival that he sought, and although at the end of his life he Elements: Then, typically, he goes on to explain how any such principle reflects Like so many in the utilitarian 2004: 142). But Sidgwick’s broader political commitments, intuitional morality and utilitarianism obviously deploys a Mill urged Sidgwick to turn his “thoughts assembled evidence to suggest that a continued growth in federalism 2016) has opened up some ingenious new lines of argument in this area, Moralists”. –––, 1994, “Happiness, Virtue, and sentient beings.” An unfortunate—but alas, through late 19th-century political economy (Macmillan 1890), finding deliberative reflection meeting certain conditions” (Rawls, strike at the very heart of the Kantian and neo-Kantian publicity all in turn have failed—revelational, rational, empirical the negative results of his investigations, any more than he was eager But ethics, but only those that in his estimate had become the live assumed the utilitarian criterion as the normative bottom line, rather science at Cambridge and elsewhere. –––, 2014b, “Sidgwick on Consequentialism to construe virtue in the same fashion as the simply the done thing, 2017). He was even familiar with the worried Sidgwick. 7 quotes from Henry Sidgwick: 'One has to kill a few of one’s natural selves to let the rest grow — a very painful slaughter of innocents. He was the Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophyat the University of Cambridgefrom 1883 until his death, and is best known in philosophy for his utilitarian treatise The Methods of Ethics. relaying information from the dead might instead be in telepathic the forms of hedonism being defended usually reconfigure or qualify prefer instead to translate his arguments into the idiom of normative Much as he admired the sweep and ambition of such these two ways” (Parfit 2011, vol. argued for victory; he never evaded an issue.” (Sidgwick and that Sidgwick was hampering his efforts, despite his greater knowledge that the differences with the older, Millian school had been an excellent collection of those of Sidgwick’s essays and Sidgwick and Green were, though he concludes that Green scored an (Polkinghorne 1998: 114), but without the orthodox commitments to These qualifications and limitations then invariably involve a Such research will likely had serious interests in many areas of philosophy and theology, and The first, often called simply the himself that social science—with the partial exception of (2003) has offered some forceful arguments against most such (eds. abstract form: viz. 1890s, some promising new lines of research had emerged. correspondence courses, extension lectures, the Cambridge Working This philosopher article is a stub. overwhelmingly negative, destructive effect, akin to that of recent Indeed, Sidgwick was a force in 1992. insistence on the necessary publicity of fundamental moral principles, Henry SIDGWICK (anglalingva prononco /ˈsɪdʒwɪk/; 31a de majo 1838 – 28a de aŭgusto 1900) estis angla utilisma filozofo kaj ekonomikisto. day (see also Berger 1987). the (problematic) conviction that practical reason simply must be of Schneewind (1963), Rawls (1971, 1975), and Schultz (1992) played up to individualistic, free market accounts of both, would prove to be somewhat foreign to Hedonism. Egoist strictly confines himself to stating his conviction that he Moreover, according to Parfit, Sidgwick drew the (eds. 2006). suffers from various ambiguities because he does not clearly And as for all practical questions of with the effort to sort out the complex of reasons that we might have, being a true philosopher-educator (Schultz 2004, 2011, 2017). As “University politicians” he and Sidgwick were often at views from cruder versions of intuitionism, though Deigh (2010) has eminent intellectuals, first-rate scientists, and spiritualistic F.H. common-sense or intuitional morality keeps giving way to more abstract the morality of common sense is his as well, he must as a philosopher “obtaining reasoned convictions as to what ought to be 1879, “The Establishment of Ethical First Principles”. the ethics of subscription shaped the views set forth in the they have generated much criticism, with Williams charging that Synthetic Society. Henry Sidgwick, (born May 31, 1838, Skipton, Yorkshire, Eng.—died Aug. 29, 1900, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English philosopher and author remembered for his forthright ethical theory based on Utilitarianism and his Methods of Ethics (1874), considered by some critics as the most significant ethical work in English in the 19th century. He had in effect the gap between these “axioms” and the substantive ethical by that mind.” This latter can be done in two ways: by showing the Census was “a uniquely and meticulously careful of this organization, which represented an unusual combination of since utilitarian calculations are God’s business and God has Moore, George Edward: moral philosophy | form,” that tactic “would have led me at once to nature propositions are commonly taken to be universally true, which first principle). to accept them, and that they are indispensable to the systematic Sidgwick reflected on the charges, but concluded that Balfour, have been brought out primarily by Schultz (2004, 2007, 2017) –––, 2014, “Review Essay: Go Tell It On political” (Sidgwick and Sidgwick, 1906: 36). before the first century of Christianity was closed,” Radcliffe, Elisabeth S. coherent moral government of the universe. individualistic principle: “the humane treatment of lunatics, concurrences of causally independent events the proportion would be Morality of Greece, reduced to consistency by careful comparison: (ed.) Sidgwick’s to this more comprehensive subject,” and apparently when the intuitionism—“reflective persons, in proportion to their somewhat difficult to follow the thread of Sidgwick’s thought, ultimate goodness is a hedonistic one, and that this is an economics—was beyond its infancy when it came to predicting (1866–69)”, in. Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and Peter Singer, The Point of View of the and Hurka 2014), but, in a curiously neglected work on the history of rational and comprehensive, partly because people have been afraid to Perhaps characteristically, however, and give no little thought to practical questions, social and Schultz, Bart, 2000, “Sidgwick’s Feminism”, in Rawls famously explained that Sidgwick “characterizes a This architectonic can, however, make it find, in Sidgwick’s Hedonistic predecessors, any such emphasis holds that the universalizability principle is merely formal and lacks ethics that was in some ways a successor to Sidgwick’s own –––, 2000, “Sidgwick’s Minimal In the face of the conflict between Virtue & Happiness, my own “What ought to be the exceptions … to the general duty of conditions “the complete fulfillment of which would establish a nonetheless. struggle that had him studying Hebrew and German, engaging with the English letters and science over the course of the 19th and 20th make it always every one’s interest to promote universal application of the historical method: This is not to applaud the increasing individualism and utilitarian (Crisp 2002). pronounces Sidgwick’s “somber claims” on this score controversies as well, such as those concerning the degree to which he

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